Venezuela
![frameless](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Venezuela_Administrative_Divisions.jpg)
The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Colombia, Brazil on the south, Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana. Venezuela is a presidential republic consisting of 23 states, the Capital District and federal dependencies covering Venezuela's offshore islands. Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north and in the capital.
The territory of Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522 amid resistance from Indigenous peoples. In 1811, it became one of the first Spanish-American territories to declare independence from the Spanish and to form part of the first federal Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia). It separated as a full sovereign country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional military dictators until the mid-20th century. Since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments, as an exception where most of the region was ruled by military dictatorships, and the period was characterized by economic prosperity.
Economic shocks in the 1980s and 1990s led to major political crises and widespread social unrest, including the deadly Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992, and the impeachment of a President for embezzlement of public funds charges in 1993. The collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 Venezuelan presidential election, the catalyst for the Bolivarian Revolution, which began with a 1999 Constituent Assembly, where a new Constitution of Venezuela was imposed. The government's populist social welfare policies were bolstered by soaring oil prices, temporarily increasing social spending, and reducing economic inequality and poverty in the early years of the regime. However, poverty began to rapidly increase in the 2010s. The 2013 Venezuelan presidential election was widely disputed leading to widespread protest, which triggered another nationwide crisis that continues to this day. Venezuela has experienced democratic backsliding, shifting into an authoritarian state. It ranks low in international measurements of freedom of the press and civil liberties and has high levels of perceived corruption.
Venezuela is a developing country having the world's largest known oil reserves and has been one of the world's leading exporters of oil. Previously, the country was an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa, but oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. The excesses and poor policies of the incumbent government led to the collapse of Venezuela's entire economy. The country struggles with record hyperinflation, shortages of basic goods, unemployment, poverty, disease, high child mortality, malnutrition, environmental issues, severe crime and corruption. These factors have precipitated the Venezuelan refugee crisis where more than seven million people have fled the country. By 2017, Venezuela was declared to be in default regarding debt payments by credit rating agencies. The crisis in Venezuela has contributed to a rapidly deteriorating human rights situation. Provided by Wikipedia
1
Fuente: Órgano Judicial de la República de Panamá
Tipo de Material: Book
2
Fuente: Asamblea Nacional de Panamá
“...Venezuela....”
Tipo de Material: Book
3
Fuente: ISAE Universidad
“...Venezuela....”
Tipo de Material: Book
4
Fuente: Órgano Judicial de la República de Panamá
“...República de Venezuela...”
Tipo de Material: Book
5
Fuente: Asamblea Nacional de Panamá
“...Movimiento al Socialismo (Venezuela)...”
Tipo de Material: Book
6
Fuente: Asamblea Nacional de Panamá
“...Venezuela. Congreso de la República....”
Tipo de Material: Book
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Other Authors:
Universidad Central de Venezuela. Instituto de Derecho Privado.
Adamson Hoebel, E.
Published: 2003
Published: 2003
Fuente: ISAE Universidad
“...Universidad Central de Venezuela. Instituto de Derecho Privado....”
Tipo de Material: Book
8
Other Authors:
International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean,
Universidad Central de Venezuela,
Universidad Central de Venezuela. Centro de Estudios de América,
Cadenas G., José María,
Published: 2010
Published: 2010
Fuente: ISAE Universidad
“...Universidad Central de Venezuela,...”
Tipo de Material: Book
9
Other Authors:
Federación Latinoamericana de Semiótica (Venezuela)
Congreso Venezolano de Semiótica 4
Published: 2005
Published: 2005
Fuente: Universidad del Istmo Panamá
“...Federación Latinoamericana de Semiótica (Venezuela)...”
Tipo de Material: Conference Proceeding
Book
10
Other Authors:
Universidad Central de Venezuela. Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas
Published: 1986
Published: 1986
Fuente: Procuraduria de la Administración
“...Universidad Central de Venezuela. Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas...”
Tipo de Material: Book
11
Other Authors:
Universidad Central de Venezuela. Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas
Published: 1986
Published: 1986
Fuente: Universidad de Panamá
“...Universidad Central de Venezuela. Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas...”
Tipo de Material: Book
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Other Authors:
Universidad Central de Venezuela. Facultad de Derecho. Instituto de Estudios Políticos
Published: 1965
Published: 1965
Fuente: Procuraduria de la Administración
“...Universidad Central de Venezuela. Facultad de Derecho. Instituto de Estudios Políticos...”
Tipo de Material: Book
13
Other Authors:
Universidad Central de Venezuela. Facultad de derecho. Instituto de Estudios Políticos
Published: 1971
Published: 1971
Fuente: Procuraduria de la Administración
“...Universidad Central de Venezuela. Facultad de derecho. Instituto de Estudios Políticos...”
Tipo de Material: Book
14
Other Authors:
Universidad Central de Venezuela. Facultad de Derecho. Instituto de Estudios Políticos
Published: 1965
Published: 1965
Fuente: Universidad de Panamá
“...Universidad Central de Venezuela. Facultad de Derecho. Instituto de Estudios Políticos...”
Tipo de Material: Book
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Other Authors:
Universidad Central de Venezuela. Facultad de derecho. Instituto de Estudios Políticos
Published: 1971
Published: 1971
Fuente: Universidad de Panamá
“...Universidad Central de Venezuela. Facultad de derecho. Instituto de Estudios Políticos...”
Tipo de Material: Book
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Other Authors:
Venezuela. Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Participación y el Desarrollo Social /
Fuente: Universidad de las Americas - UDELAS
“...Venezuela. Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Participación y el Desarrollo Social /...”
Tipo de Material: Book
17
by:
Galvis Ortiz, Ligia
Other Authors:
UNICEF. Oficina de Area para Colombia y Venezuela.
Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar.
Published: 2003
Published: 2003
Fuente: Universidad de las Americas - UDELAS
“...UNICEF. Oficina de Area para Colombia y Venezuela....”
Tipo de Material: Book
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Other Authors:
International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Unesco.
Universidad Central de Venezuela. Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo.
García Guadilla, Carmen.
Rodríguez Cruz, Agueda María, 1933-
Published: 2008
Published: 2008
Fuente: ISAE Universidad
“...Universidad Central de Venezuela. Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo....”
Tipo de Material: Book
19
Other Authors:
Sociedad Venezolana de Educacion Comparada.
Instituto Pedagogico Rural Gervasio Rubio (Venezuela)
Instituto de Educacion Superior para America Latina y El Caribe.
Bonilla-Molina, Luis,
Tünnermann Bernheim, Carlos.
Lopez Segrera, Francisco,
Published: 2000
Published: 2000
Fuente: ISAE Universidad
“...Instituto Pedagogico Rural Gervasio Rubio (Venezuela)...”
Tipo de Material: Book
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Other Authors:
International Meeting on Reflections on the New Roles of Higher Education at a World Level: the Case of Latin America and the Caribbean Caracas, Venezuela)
Unesco. Regional Center for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Published: 1992
Published: 1992
Fuente: ISAE Universidad
“...: the Case of Latin America and the Caribbean Caracas, Venezuela)...”
Tipo de Material: Conference Proceeding
Book